# proj¶

Proj and invproj perform respective forward and inverse transformation of cartographic data to or from cartesian data with a wide range of selectable projection functions.

## Synopsis¶

proj [ -bcCeEfiIlmorsStTvVwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]
invproj [ -bcCeEfiIlmorsStTwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]


## Description¶

The following control parameters can appear in any order

-b     Special option for binary coordinate data input and output through standard input
and standard output. Data is assumed to be in system type double floating point
words. This option is to be used when proj is a son process and allows bypassing
formatting operations.

-i     Selects binary input only (see -b option).

-C     Check. Invoke all built in self tests and report. Get more verbose report by
preceding with the -V option).

-I     alternate method to specify inverse projection. Redundant when used with invproj.

-o     Selects binary output only (see -b option).

-ta    A specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a control line
to be passed through without  processing. This  option applicable to ascii input
only. (# is the default value).

-e string
String is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is detected during data
transformations. The default value is: *\t*. Note that if the -b, -i or -o
options are employed, an error is returned as HUGE_VAL value for both return values.

-E     causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line prior to printing the
converted values.

-l[p|P|=|e|u|d]id
List projection identifiers with -l, -lp or -lP (expanded) that can be selected
with +proj. -l=id gives expanded description of projection id. List
ellipsoid identifiers with -le, that can be selected with +ellps, -lu list of
cartesian to meter conversion factors that can be selected with +units or -ld
list of datums that can be selected with +datum.

-r     This options reverses the order of the expected input from longitude-latitude or
x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.

-s     This options reverses the order of the output from x-y or longitude-latitude to
y-x or latitude-longitude.

-S     Causes estimation of meridinal and parallel scale factors, area scale factor and
angular distortion, and maximum and minimum scale factors to be listed between <>
for each input point. For conformal projections meridinal and parallel scales
factors will be equal and angular distortion zero. Equal area projections will
have an area factor of 1.

-m mult
The cartesian data may be scaled by the mult parameter. When processing data in
a forward projection mode the cartesian output values are multiplied by mult
otherwise the input cartesian values are divided by mult before inverse projection.
If the first two characters of mult are 1/ or 1: then the reciprocal value of mult
is employed.

-f format
Format is a printf format string to control the form of the output values. For
inverse projections, the output will be in degrees when this option is employed.
The  default format is "%.2f" for forward projection and DMS for inverse.

-[w|W]n
N is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds output (when
the  option  is  not  specified, -w3 is assumed). When -W is employed the fields
will be constant width and  with  leading zeroes.

-v     causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for and used by the
program to be printed prior to input data. Should not be used with the -T
option.

-V     This option causes an expanded annotated listing of the characteristics of the
projected point. -v is implied with this option.

-T ulow,uhi,vlow,vhi,res[,umax,vmax]
This option creates a set of bivariate Chebyshev polynomial coefficients that
approximate the selected  cartographic projection on stdout. The values low and
hi denote the range of the input where the u or v prefixes apply to respective
longitude-x or latitude-y depending upon whether a forward or inverse projection
is selected. Res is an integer number specifying the power of 10 precision of
the approximation. For example, a res of -3 specifies an approximation with an
accuracy better than .001. Umax, and vmax specify maximum degree of the polynomials
(default: 15).


The +args run-line arguments are associated with cartographic parameters. Usage varies with projection and for a complete description consult the projection pages

Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two auxiliary control files: the first is optionally referenced with the +init=file:id and the second is always processed after the name of the projection has been established from either the run-line or the contents of +init file. The environment parameter PROJ_LIB establishes the default directory for a file reference without an absolute path. This is also used for supporting files like datum shift files.

One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify the source of data to be trans- formed. A - will specify the location of pro- cessing standard input. If no files are speci- fied, the input is assumed to be from stdin. For ASCII input data the two data values must be in the first two white space separated fields and when both input and output are ASCII all trailing portions of the input line are appended to the output line.

Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS format and input cartesian data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid major axis or sphere radius units. Output geo- graphic coordinates will be in DMS (if the -w switch is not employed) and precise to 0.001” with trailing, zero-valued minute-second fields deleted.

## Example¶

The following script

proj +proj=utm  +lon_0=112w  +ellps=clrk66
-r <<EOF
45d15'33.1"   111.5W
45d15.551666667N   -111d30
+45.25919444444    111d30'000w
EOF


will perform UTM forward projection with a stan- dard UTM central meridian nearest longitude 112W. The geographic values of this example are equivalent and meant as examples of various forms of DMS input. The x-y output data will appear as three lines of:

460769.27     5011648.45